Mindblown: a blog about philosophy.

Carl Linnaeus formalized binomial nomenclature; modern systems also rely on phylogenetics and APG classifications.

Species → genus → family → order → class → phylum (division) → kingdom (Plantae).

A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring under natural conditions.

Binomial nomenclature assigns each species a two-part Latin name: genus + specific epithet (e.g. Rosa indica).

C₄ plants fix CO₂ into a four-carbon acid in mesophyll then release it in bundle sheath cells; CAM plants temporally separate fixation (night) and Calvin cycle (day) in the same cells.

In C₃ plants, the first stable product of carbon fixation is 3-phosphoglycerate (a three-carbon compound); most plants are C₃.

Auxin, gibberellins, and cytokinins (also abscisic acid and ethylene are major regulators).

Phototropism is directional growth of a plant toward (positive) or away from (negative) a light source, mediated largely by auxin.

Turgor pressure is the pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall, maintained by water in the vacuole and important for rigidity.

Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from plant surfaces, mainly through stomata, creating a pull that draws water up the xylem.