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A stoma is a pore, usually flanked by guard cells, that regulates gas exchange and transpiration on leaf surfaces.

Root hairs increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals from soil.

The apical meristem is a region of actively dividing cells at root and shoot tips responsible for primary growth (length).

Dicot roots typically have a central vascular cylinder with alternating xylem and phloem; monocot roots often have a ring of alternating vascular bundles.

Phloem transports sugars, amino acids, and other organic solutes from sources (leaves) to sinks (roots, fruits).

Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals from roots upward through the plant.

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

The light-dependent reactions (in thylakoids) and the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions in the stroma).

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use light energy to convert CO₂ and water into glucose and oxygen.

Chloroplasts capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH) for photosynthesis.