Mindblown: a blog about philosophy.

Codeine is a narcotic relatively less addicting drug and central antitussive agen and it’s main side effects are dryness of mouth, constipation and dependence.

Status asthmatics Very sever and sustained attack of asthma which fails to respond to treatment with usual measures. Management includes: Administration of oxygen Frequent or continuous administration of aerosolized ß2 agonists like salbutamol Systemic corticosteroid like methyl prednisolone or hydrocortisone IV Aminophylline IV infusion Iv fluid to avoid dehydration Antibiotics in the presence of evidence…

e.g cromolyn sodium Mechanism of action Stabilize the mast cells so that release of histamine and other mediators is inhibited through alteration in the function of delayed chloride channel in cell membrane. It has no role once mediator is released and is used for casual prophylaxis. Clinical uses Exercise and antigen induced asthma Occupational asthma…

Used both for treatment and prophylactic purposes. Mechanism of action They are presumed to act by their broad anti inflammatory efficacy mediated in part by inhibition of production of inflammatory mediators. They also potentiate the effects of b- receptor agonists and inhibit the lymphocytic-eosinophilic airway mucosal inflammation. Effects on airway decreases bronchial reactivity increases airway…

Mechanism of Action Muscarinic antagonist competitively inhibit effect of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors – hence block the contraction of air way smooth muscle and the increase in secretion of mucus that occurs in response to vagal activity e.g atropine sulfate. Systemic adverse effects as a result of rapid absorption include urinary retention, tachycardia, loss of…

The three important methylxanthines are theophylline, theobromine, and caffeine. The theophylline preparations most commonly used for therapeutic purposes is aminophylline (theophylline plus diethylamine). Mechanism of Action Competitively inhibit phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzyme leading to increased cAMP level. They competitively inhibit the action of adenosine on adenosine (A1 and A2) receptors (adenosine has been shown to cause…

Drug used in the treatment of bronchia asthma can be grouped into three main categories: Bronchodilators b- Adrenergic agonists which include: Non selective b-agonists e.g. adrenaline Selective b-agonists e.g. salbutamol Methylxanthines; theophylline derivatives Muscranic receptor antagonists e.g. Ipratropium bromide Mast cell stabilizers, e.g. cromolyn sodium, nedocromil, ketotifen Antiinflammatory agents: corticosteroids 1.  b- ADRENERGIC AGONISTS (SYMPATHOMIMETIC…

Asthma is physiologically characterized by increased responsiveness of the trachea and bronchi to various stimuli and by wide spread narrowing of the airways that changes in severity either spontaneously or as a result of therapy Impairment of airflow in bronchial asthma is caused by three bronchial abnormalities. Contraction of airway smooth muscles Thickening of bronchial…

The respiratory system includes the upper airway passages, the nasal cavities, pharynx and trachea as well as the bronchi and bronchioles. Respiration is the exchange of gases between the tissue of the body and to outside environment. It involves breathing in of an air through the respiratory tract, uptake of oxygen from the lungs, transport…