Phylogenetic trees
DNA sequences from chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear genes infer evolutionary relationships. Angiosperm phylogeny has been revolutionized by multi-gene and genomic datasets.
Tree building methods
- Maximum likelihood — models of sequence evolution.
- Bayesian inference — posterior probability of clades.
- Coalescent methods — population-level histories.
APG system
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification updates family placements based on molecular trees — e.g., traditional Scrophulariaceae split into multiple families.