From field to pharmacy
Variable growing conditions cause batch differences. GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) ensures traceability and safety.
Testing requirements
- Identity — morphology, microscopy, DNA barcoding
- Purity — heavy metals, pesticide residues, microbial limits
- Potency — marker compound quantification (HPLC, GC)
- Stability — shelf-life under defined storage
Adulteration
Economically motivated substitution (cheaper plants sold as expensive ones) is detected by chemical fingerprinting and DNA methods.