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This drug is similar to carbachol in all parameters, i.e., pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical indications; it has a better advantage over carbachol because it has fewer side effects as a result as lack of nicotinic actions. Contra indications to the use of choline esters Bronchial asthma because they may induce bronchial constriction and increase bronchial…

Pharmacokinetics It is completely absorbed from the gastro intestinal tract and is stable towards hydrolysis by cholinesterase enzyme; therefore it can be given both orally and parenteraly with almost similar dosage. Pharmacodynamics It has similar actions to those of acetylcholine with pronounced effects on the gastro intestinal tract and the urinary bladder Indications Glaucoma Retention…

ACETYLCHOLINE is the prototypical cholinergic agent. It functions as a neurotransmitter at all cholinergic sites in the body; because of its unique pharmacokinetic properties, it has never been used in medical therapeutics; the discussion which follows is for academic exercise. Pharmacokinetics Acetylcholine is poorly absorbed from the gastric mucosa; therefore it is ineffective if given…

Cholinergic drugs are also called parasympathomimetics because their effect mimics the effect of parasympathetic nerve stimulation. Administration of these drugs will result in an increase in the parasympathetic activities in the systems innervated by cholinergic nerves. There are two groups of cholinergic drugs: Direct-acting: bind to and activate muscarinic or nicotinic receptors (mostly both) and…

Atenolol is a type of sympatholytic drug. Atenolol is a selective β1 antagonist that is clinically used to treat hypertension, angina and cardiac dysrhythmias. Since atenolol is selective to β1 receptor, it only acts on β1 receptors which are located in the heart. As an antagonist, it opposes the effect of sympathetic nervous system activation. Actions of atenolol include the reduction in myocardial…

Terbutaline is a type of sympathomimetic drug. Terbutaline is a selective β2 receptor agonist that is clinically used to treat asthma. Since terbutaline is an agonist selective to β2 receptors, it activates β2 receptors in smooth muscles and stimulates sympathetic responses, including the increased relaxation of smooth muscles. Relaxation of smooth muscles in bronchi and trachea provides the effect of…

Major medical use of autonomic drugs acting on the sympathetic nervous system includes the treatment of hypertension, hypotension, asthma, heart failure and angina.

Sympathomimetic drugs are stimulant compounds which mimic the effects of endogenous agonists of the sympathetic nervous system. The action of sympathomimetic drugs can be classified as direct and indirect action. The direct mode of activating adrenergic receptors involve the mimicking of endogenous molecules through agonist molecules, and the indirect mode of action involve mechanisms of increasing the release, or decreasing…

Adrenergic receptors are the target of many autonomic drugs that act on the sympathetic nervous system. Adrenergic receptors can mainly be classified into 5 types, known as ⍺1, ⍺2, β1, β2, β3. These adrenergic receptors are located in different tissues and stimulate different physiological responses. ⍺1 receptors are mainly located in smooth muscles, activating them result in vasoconstriction and…

The sympathetic nervous system is involved in stimulating the fight-or-flight response of the body. Activating the sympathetic pathway results in physiological effects including the acceleration of heart beat, increase in force of heart contraction, secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline by the adrenal gland, bronchi relaxation, and the inhibition of peristalsis and gastrointestinal secretions. Neurotransmitters are used to relay neurotransmission in order to bring about these physiological effects. Acetylcholine is a type of neurotransmitter…