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These are drugs taken orally to prevent conception. They are available in the following forms: Combined regimen type sequential regimen type triphasic pill regimen Combined regimen: involves the administration of pills containing combination of Estrogen and Progestogen. They are administered starting 5th day of menustral cycle for 21 days. They can also be classified as…

These drugs can be classified into three groups. Natural – estradiol, esterone, estriol Semisynthetic – Ethnylestradiol Synthetic: Diethylstibosterol Natural Estradiol: Estradiol is most potent, major secretory product of ovary.It is oxidized into esterone by liver; estrone is hydrated to estriol and synthesized by ovarian follicle, adrenal cortex, fetoplacental unit, and testis. Androgen and testestrone are…

It is one of the ergot alkaloids with the ability to cause contraction of the uterine smooth muscle. It causes sustained uterine contraction. It is completely absorbed after subcutaneous and intravenous administration. It is metabolized in the liver and eliminated in the urine .Liver damage enhances the toxicity of ergot alkaloid. Use: after delivery of…

They induce labor at anytime during pregnancy but most effective at the third trimester. In female reproductive system prostaglandin E & F are found in ovaries, endometrium and menstrual fluid which is responsible for initiating and maintaining normal birth process. PGF, PGF2ά, PGE stimulate both the tone and amplitude of the uterine contraction. Adverse reaction:…

These are group of drugs that cause contraction of the uterus. Oxytocin Actions: 1. Oxytocin stimulates the uterus and cause physiologic type of contraction. 2. It also causes ejection of milk through contraction of the myo-epithelial cells around the alveoli of the mammary gland. Pharmacokinetics: It is inactivated orally and absorbed rapidly after intramuscular administration.…

They potentiate the hypoglycemic action of insulin and sulphonyl ureas but they don’t produce clinical hypoglycemia in diabetics. Biguanides include drugs like metformin and phenformin. Mechanism: They do not stimulate the release of insulin. They increase glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, and have effects on glucose absorption and hepatic glucose production. They also enhance anaerobic…

These are drugs administered orally to lower blood glucose level used in mild diabetes. They are grouped as Sulphonylureas and Biguinides. Sulphonyl ureas These compounds are chemically related to sulphonamides. First generation: Tolbutamide, Chlorpropamide Second generation: Glibenclamide, Glipizide Mechanism: hypoglycemic action is due to Stimulation of insulin release from b cell, Depression of glucagon secretion,…

Sources include pork or beef, combination of pork and beef and also human insulin (Recombinant DNA technique). Actions: Insulin lower blood glucose level through increasing utilization of glucose by peripheral tissue and promoting synthesis and storage of glycogen The main actions of the hormone are exerted on metabolism of carbohydrate (CHO), fat and protein in…

Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that occurs as a result of absolute or relative deficiency of insulin that results in metabolic and vascular abnormalities. The etiologies include Obesity (because chronic calorie intake and prolonged stimulation of b cell causes a decrease in insulin receptor and also adipose tissue and muscle are less sensitive),hereditary,damage of pancreatic…