Mindblown: a blog about philosophy.

Holes or structural damage in the two outer layers of a tooth called the enamel and the dentin. The enamel is the outermost white hard surface and the dentin is the yellow layer just beneath enamel. Both layers serve to protect the inner living tooth tissue called the pulp, where blood vessels and nerves reside. Cavities are…

An anatomic term meaning 1. Pertaining to the tail or the hind part. 2. Situated in or directed toward the tail or hind part. 3. Inferior to another structure, in the sense of being below it. Caudal is also short for caudal epidural anesthesia. The terms caudal and caudad are both derived from the Latin cauda, tail. For a more complete listing of terms used in medicine for spatial…

Toward the feet (or, in embryology, toward the tail), as opposed to cranial. The spinal cord is caudad to the brain. For a more complete listing of terms used in medicine for spatial orientation, please see the entry to “Anatomic Orientation Terms”.

A flexible plastic tube (a catheter) inserted into the bladder to provide continuous urinary drainage. The “Foley” has a balloon on the bladder end. After the catheter is inserted in the bladder, the balloon is inflated (with air or fluid) so that the catheter cannot pull out but is retained in the bladder as an “indwelling” catheter. Removal…

A thin, flexible tube.

A hurricane with winds 96-110 mph (83-95 kt or 154-177 km/hr). Storm surge generally 6-8 feet above normal. Some roofing material, door, and window damage of buildings. Considerable damage to shrubbery and trees with some trees blown down. Considerable damage to mobile homes, poorly constructed signs, and piers. Coastal and low-lying escape routes flood 2-4…

A hurricane with winds 111-130 mph (96-113 kt or 178-209 km/hr). Storm surge generally 9-12 ft above normal. Some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings with a minor amount of curtainwall failures. Damage to shrubbery and trees with foliage blown off trees and large trees blown down. Mobile homes and poorly constructed signs…

A hurricane with winds greater than 155 mph (135 kt or 249 km/hr). Storm surge generally greater than 18 ft above normal. Complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings. Some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. All shrubs, trees, and signs blown down. Complete destruction of mobile homes.…

Pronounced cat?e?chol?amine. An amine derived from the amino acid tyrosine — examples include epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and dopamine — that act as hormones or neurotransmitters. There are a number of disorders involving catecholamines, including neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, chemodectina, the familial paraganglioma syndrome, dopamine-?-hydroxalase deficiency, and tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency Neuroblastoma is the second most common solid tumor in childhood (after brain tumors). It usually produce catecholamines. The catecholamine metabolites vanillylmandelic acid and…